From the sharing of powers to the sharing of sovereignty: from overseas territories to "overseas countries"
Du partage des compétences au partage de la souveraineté : des territoires d'outre-mer aux "pays d'outre-mer"
Résumé
Le partage des competences entre l'etat et les t. O. M. A toujours ete marque d'un important particularisme. Lie a l'origine au principe de specialite legislative, il se manifestait dans la repartition des competences entre les autorites nationales pour choisir les textes applicables outre-mer, et eventuellement elaborer une legislation adaptee. Puis, ce principe a permis aux autorites locales de reglementer de maniere autonome et de proteger leur domaine de competence. Avec la constitution de 1958, il decoule de l'organisation particuliere des t. O. M. , tres variee au regard des repartitions de competences en nouvelle-caledonie, polynesie francaise et a wallis et futuna. L'etendue des competences transferees est sans commune mesure dans ces territoires, neanmoins le regime de repartition presente certains traits caracteristiques : competence de principe aux autorites locales et derogation a la repartition nationale des competences normatives. Des limites a l'autonomie des t. O. M. Apparaissent tant lors de l'elaboration de la repartition des competences avec l'etat que lors de son application : competences reservees a l'etat, caractere d'actes administratifs des normes ultramarines, precaires et soumises a une hierarchie des normes peu amene a l'egard de leur liberte normative. Pour les depasser, le constituant a partage sa souverainete en transformant le t. O. M. En pays d'outre-mer, dote d'une citoyennete propre, adoptant des lois du pays. L'indivisibilite de la souverainete et du peuple sont remises en cause, comme le caractere purement unitaire de l'etat, transforme en etat autonomique. Cette evolution statutaire ne s'accompagne pas d'une autonomie financiere
The sharing of powers between the state and the t. O. M. Has always been marked by an important particularism. Originally linked to the principle of legislative specialty, it manifested itself in the distribution of competences between the national authorities to choose the texts applicable overseas, and possibly to draw up an adapted legislation. Then, this principle allowed local authorities to regulate autonomously and protect their area of competence. With the constitution of 1958, it follows from the particular organization of t. O. M., very varied with regard to the distribution of competences in New Caledonia, French Polynesia and in Wallis and Futuna. The extent of the powers transferred is without common measure in these territories, nevertheless the system of distribution presents certain characteristic features: competence in principle to the local authorities and derogation from the national distribution of normative powers. Limits to the autonomy of t. OM Appear both during the development of the distribution of competences with the State and during its application: competences reserved for the State, character of administrative acts of overseas standards, precarious and subject to a hierarchy of standards which is not very helpful. with regard to their normative freedom. To overcome them, the constituent shared its sovereignty by transforming the t. O. M. In overseas country, endowed with its own citizenship, adopting laws of the country. The indivisibility of sovereignty and the people are called into question, as is the purely unitary character of the state, transformed into an autonomous state. This statutory development is not accompanied by financial autonomy
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