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, Occurrence of sub-adult tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in a small and very remote atoll lagoon", Liste des Annexes Appendix 1: Manuscript 4

, Appendix 2: Cross validation coefficients in Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) modeling shark diversity (A) et abundance (B) with decrease constant ? varying from 0.5 to 3 by 0.5

, Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de 1) faire le bilan des populations de requins de Nouvelle-Calédonie ; 2) déterminer l'efficacité des vidéos stéréoscopiques appâtées (S-BRUVS) pour recenser les requins en les comparant aux comptages en plongées (UVC) et évaluer leur possible amélioration ; 3) évaluer l'impact de la proximité humaine sur la diversité, l'abondance et le comportement des requins récifaux et 4) déterminer l'efficacité des mesures de gestion en place pour protéger ces espèces emblématiques. Les résultats des deux méthodes de recensement montrent un important déclin d'environ 90% des abondances de requins récifaux le long d'un gradient anthropique complet en Nouvelle-Calédonie alors que la pêche des requins est historiquement absente dans cet archipel, Résumé L'impact anthropique sur les écosystèmes coralliens est aujourd'hui largement documenté, que ce soit sur la biodiversité qu'ils hébergent, leur diversité fonctionnelle, les services écosystémiques qu'ils procurent ou leur capacité de résilience. Parmi les groupes trophiques, les prédateurs apicaux en général et les requins en particulier

, Les résultats de ce travail révèlent 1) l'importance et le caractère unique des récifs coralliens isolés ; 2) qu'en absence de pêche la proximité humaine conditionne l'abondance et le comportement des requins de récifs avec des conséquences écologiques potentielles sur l, Globalement, les aires marines protégées de Nouvelle-Calédonie ne sont pas efficaces pour la protection des requins. Néanmoins, la réserve intégrale Merlet héberge des populations de requins proche du niveau de récifs isolés de l'archipel et protège une partie du comportement

, Abstract Anthropogenic impacts on coral reefs are largely documented through changes in functional diversity, Mots clés: Requins, humains, aires marines protégées, base de référence, récifs coralliens isolés, BRUVS, altération comportementale

, Among trophic groups, apex predators in general and sharks in particular are the most sensitive to disturbance due to conservative life history traits (e.g. slow growth, late sexual maturity, low fecundity). By some estimates, shark populations have declined by >90%

, UVC) and to evaluate their potential improvements ; 3) to evaluate the impact of human proximity on diversity, abundance and behaviour of reef sharks and 4) to determine the efficiency of management measures currently in place in New Caledonia to protect reef shark populations. The results of S-BRUVS and UVC were congruent and revealed a dramatic decline of shark abundance of ~90% along the anthropogenic gradient in a country where shark fishing is historically absent. An important behavioural alteration of the grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) towards bait was highlighted. Individuals remained farther from the device, exhibited more cautious approaches, interacted less with the bait and took longer to bite it as human proximity increased. Human proximity was the main driver of the abundance decline (46 to 71%) and the behavioural alteration towards shier individuals (50 to 80%). Globally, MPAs in New Caledonia are not effective in protecting reef sharks. However, the oldest and most restrictive MPA (Merlet) hosts shark abundance close to that of some remote reefs of the archipelago and partially protect the behaviour of individuals. These results 1) emphasize the unique role of remote coral reefs as the last refuges for sharks ; 2) reveal that in absence of shark fishing, To ensure the sustainability of their populations and their functional role in the reef community, appropriate management censuses

, Keywords: Sharks, humans, marine protected areas, baseline, pristine coral reef, BRUVS, feeding behavior alteration